TREM-1 Protects HIV-1-Infected Macrophages from Apoptosis through Maintenance of Mitochondrial Function

Apoptosis in HIV-1-Infected Macrophages Transcription Factor FOXO3a Mediates

HIV-1-specific CTLs effectively suppress replication of HIV-1 in HIV-1-infected macrophages.

Both CD4+ T cells and macrophages are major reservoirs of HIV-1. Previous study showed that HIV-1-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) hardly recognize HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells because of Nef-mediated HLA class I down-regulation, suggesting that HIV-1 escapes from HIV-1-specific CTLs and continues to replicate in HIV-1-infected donors. On the other hand, the CTL recognition of HIV-1-infec...

Mannose Receptor 1 Restricts HIV Particle Release from Infected Macrophages

Human mannose receptor 1 (hMRC1) is expressed on the surface of most tissue macrophages, dendritic cells, and select lymphatic or liver endothelial cells. HMRC1 contributes to the binding of HIV-1 to monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and is involved in the endocytic uptake of HIV-1 into these cells. Here, we identify hMRC1 as an antiviral factor that inhibits virus release through a bone marr...

STAT1 Regulates Human Glutaminase 1 Promoter Activity through Multiple Binding Sites in HIV-1 Infected Macrophages

Mononuclear phagocytes (MP, macrophages and microglia), the main targets of HIV-1 infection in the brain, play a pathogenic role in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) through the production and release of various soluble neurotoxic factors including glutamate. We have previously reported that glutaminase (GLS), the glutamate-generating enzyme, is upregulated in HIV-1 infected MP and...

Mitochondrial Division Inhibitor 1 (mdivi-1) Protects Neurons against Excitotoxicity through the Modulation of Mitochondrial Function and Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling

Excessive dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1)-triggered mitochondrial fission contributes to apoptosis under pathological conditions and therefore it has emerged as a promising therapeutic target. Mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (mdivi-1) inhibits Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission and is neuroprotective in several models of brain ischemia and neurodegeneration. However, mdivi-1 also modulate...